(Note: If you are interested in this detail, please contact me or e-mail to sdhmyan@hotmail.com)
2008年11月4日星期二
最高人民法院关于审理涉外民事或商事合同纠纷案件法律适用若干问题的规定 Rules on Related Issues concerning the Application of Law in Hearing Foreign-Related Contractual Dispute Cases
Abstract: There are the rules of the Supreme People’s Court on Related Issues concerning the Application of law in hearing foreign-related contractual dispute cases related to civil and commercial matters.
(Note: If you are interested in this detail, please contact me or e-mail to sdhmyan@hotmail.com)
一、涉外民事或商事合同应适用的法律，是指有关国家或地区的实体法，不包括冲突法和程序法。
The law applicable to foreign-related contracts related to civil and commercial matters refers to the substantive law in related countries or regions, excluding the conflict of law and procedural law.
二、合同争议包括合同的订立、合同的效力、合同的履行、合同的变更和转让、合同的终止以及违约责任等争议。
The contractual disputes include the disputes over the conclusion, validity, performance, alteration, transfer and termination of a contract as well as the liability for breach of contract, etc.
三、当事人选择或者变更选择合同争议应适用的法律，应当以明示的方式进行。
To choose a law or alter a choice of law applicable to contractual disputes shall be done by the parties in an explicit manner.
四、当事人在一审法庭辩论终结前通过协商一致，选择或者变更选择合同争议应适用的法律的，人民法院应予准许。 当事人未选择合同争议应适用的法律，但均援引同一国家或者地区的法律且未提出法律适用异议的，应当视为当事人已经就合同争议应适用的法律作出选择。
The people's court shall permit the parties concerned to choose a law or alter a choice of law applicable to contractual disputes by agreement prior to the end of court debate of the first instance. In case the parties concerned fail to choose a law applicable to contractual disputes but both invoke the law of a same country or region and neither has raised any objection to the choice of law, the parties concerned shall be deemed as having made the choice of a law applicable to contractual disputes.
五、当事人未选择合同争议应适用的法律的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家或者地区的法律。 人民法院根据最密切联系原则确定合同争议应适用的法律时，应根据合同的特殊性质，以及某一方当事人履行的义务最能体现合同的本质特性等因素，确定与合同有最密切联系的国家或者地区的法律作为合同的准据法。
（1）买卖合同，适用合同订立时卖方住所地法；如果合同是在买方住所地谈判并订立的，或者合同明确规定卖方须在买方住所地履行交货义务的，适用买方住所地法。
（2） 来料加工、来件装配以及其他各种加工承揽合同，适用加工承揽人住所地法。
（3） 成套设备供应合同，适用设备安装地法。
（4） 不动产买卖、租赁或者抵押合同，适用不动产所在地法。
（5） 动产租赁合同，适用出租人住所地法。
（6）动产质押合同，适用质权人住所地法。
（7）借款合同，适用贷款人住所地法。
（8） 保险合同，适用保险人住所地法。
（9）融资租赁合同，适用承租人住所地法。
（10） 建设工程合同，适用建设工程所在地法。
（11）仓储、保管合同，适用仓储、保管人住所地法。
（12） 保证合同，适用保证人住所地法。
（13） 委托合同，适用受托人住所地法。
（14）债券的发行、销售和转让合同，分别适用债券发行地法、债券销售地法和债券转让地法。
（15）拍卖合同，适用拍卖举行地法。
（16）行纪合同，适用行纪人住所地法。
（17） 居间合同，适用居间人住所地法。 如果上述合同明显与另一国家或者地区有更密切联系的，适用该另一国家或者地区的法律。
In case the parties concerned fail to choose a law applicable to contractual disputes, the law of the country or region with the closest connection thereto shall be the applicable law. When determining the law applicable to contractual disputes in accordance with the principle of using that with the closest connection, the people's court shall determine the law of the country or region having the closest connection with the contract as the applicable law of a contract in light of the particularities of the contract and that the performance of contractual obligations by one party concerned can best embody the essential characteristic of the contract, etc..
(1) As for contracts of sale, the applicable law shall be the law of domicile of the seller at the time of contract conclusion. In case a contract is concluded after negotiation at the domicile of the buyer, or the contract clearly prescribes that the seller shall fulfill the consignment obligation at the domicile of the buyer, the law of domicile of the buyer shall be the applicable law.
(2) As for contracts on processing with supplied materials, assembling with supplied parts and other processing work, the law of domicile of the processor shall be the applicable law.
(3) As for contracts on supplying plant equipments, the law of the place of installation shall be the applicable law.
(4) As for contracts on the sale, lease or mortgage of real estate, the law of the place of the real estate shall be the applicable law.
(5) As for contracts on the lease of movables, the law of domicile of the lessor shall be the applicable law.
(6) As for contracts on pledge of movables, the law of domicile of the pledgee shall be the applicable law.
(7) As for contracts on borrowing, the law of domicile of the lender shall be the applicable law
(8) As for insurance contracts, the law of domicile of the insurer shall be the applicable law
(9) As for financial leasing contracts, the law of domicile of the lessee shall be the applicable law.
(10) As for contracts on construction projects, the law of the place of construction project shall be the applicable law.
(11) As for warehousing or safekeeping contracts, the law of domicile of the warehouseman or keeper shall be the applicable law.
(12) As for contracts on guaranty, the law of domicile of the guarantor shall be the applicable law.
(13) As for entrustment contracts, the law of domicile of the mandatory shall be the applicable law.
(14) As for contracts on issuance, sale and transfer of bonds, the law of the place of issuance of bonds, the law of the place of sale of bonds and the law of the place of transfer of bonds shall respectively be the applicable law.
(15) As for contracts on auction, the law of the place where the auction is held shall be the applicable law.
(16) As for contracts on brokerage, the law of domicile of the broker shall be the applicable law.
(17) As for contracts on intermediation, the law of domicile of the intermediary shall be the applicable law. In case any contract above is of obvious and closest connection to another country or region, the law of the country or region shall prevail.
六、当事人规避中华人民共和国法律、行政法规的强制性规定的行为，不发生适用外国法律的效力，该合同争议应当适用中华人民共和国法律。
Any elusion of any compulsory provision of the law or administrative regulation of the People's Republic of China by a party shall give no effect to the application of a foreign law, and the contractual dispute shall be subject to the law of the People's Republic of China.
七、适用外国法律违反中华人民共和国社会公共利益的，该外国法律不予适用，而应当适用中华人民共和国法律。
In case the application of a foreign law violates any public interests of the People's Republic of China, the foreign law may not apply, and the law of the People's Republic of China shall apply.
八、 在中华人民共和国领域内履行的下列合同，适用中华人民共和国法律：
（1） 中外合资经营企业合同；
（2） 中外合作经营企业合同；
（3） 中外合作勘探、开发自然资源合同；
（4） 中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外商独资企业股份转让合同；
（5）外国自然人、法人或者其他组织承包经营在中华人民共和国领域内设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业的合同；
（6） 外国自然人、法人或者其他组织购买中华人民共和国领域内的非外商投资企业股东的股权的合同；
（7）外国自然人、法人或者其他组织认购中华人民共和国领域内的非外商投资有限责任公司或者股份有限公司增资的合同；
（8）外国自然人、法人或者其他组织购买中华人民共和国领域内的非外商投资企业资产的合同；
（9）中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应适用中华人民共和国法律的其他合同。
The performance of any of the following contracts within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall be subject to the law of the People's Republic of China:
(1) Contract on a Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures;
(2) Contract on a Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures;
(3) Contract on Chinese-foreign cooperation in the exploration or exploitation of natural resources;
(4) Contract on the transfer of shares in a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or wholly foreign-funded enterprise;
(5) Contract on the operation by a foreign natural person, foreign legal person or any other foreign organization of a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture or a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture established within the territory of the People's Republic of China;
(6) Contract on the purchase by a foreign natural person, foreign legal person or any other foreign organization of share equity held by a shareholder in a non-foreign-funded enterprise within the territory of the People's Republic of China;
(7) Contract on the subscription by a foreign natural person, foreign legal person or any other foreign organization to the increased registered capital of a non-foreign-funded limited liability or company limited by shares within the territory of the People's Republic of China;
(8) Contract on the purchase by a foreign natural person, foreign legal person or any other foreign organization of assets of a non-foreign-funded enterprise within the territory of the People's Republic of China; and
(9) Other contracts subject to the law of the People's Republic of China as prescribed by a law or administrative regulation of the People's Republic of China.
九、当事人选择或者变更选择合同争议应适用的法律为外国法律时，由当事人提供或者证明该外国法律的相关内容。 人民法院根据最密切联系原则确定合同争议应适用的法律为外国法律时，可以依职权查明该外国法律，亦可以要求当事人提供或者证明该外国法律的内容。 当事人和人民法院通过适当的途径均不能查明外国法律的内容的，人民法院可以适用中华人民共和国法律。
In case the parties choosing a foreign law applicable to related contractual disputes or altering the choice of law applicable to contractual disputes to a foreign law, it shall provide or prove the related content of the foreign law. When determining a law applicable to contractual disputes in accordance with the principle of using that with the closest connection, the people's court may ascertain the foreign law upon its authority, or require the parties concerned to provide or prove the content of the foreign law. In case neither the parties concerned nor the people's court can ascertain the content of the foreign law through proper channels, the people's court may apply the law of the People's Republic of China.
十、 当事人对查明的外国法律内容经质证后无异议的，人民法院应予确认。当事人有异议的，由人民法院审查认定。
The present Rules shall apply by analogy to the law applicable to the contracts related to civil and commercial matters involving the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or the Macao Special Administrative Region.
(Note: If you are interested in this detail, please contact me or e-mail to sdhmyan@hotmail.com)
一、涉外民事或商事合同应适用的法律，是指有关国家或地区的实体法，不包括冲突法和程序法。
The law applicable to foreign-related contracts related to civil and commercial matters refers to the substantive law in related countries or regions, excluding the conflict of law and procedural law.
二、合同争议包括合同的订立、合同的效力、合同的履行、合同的变更和转让、合同的终止以及违约责任等争议。
The contractual disputes include the disputes over the conclusion, validity, performance, alteration, transfer and termination of a contract as well as the liability for breach of contract, etc.
三、当事人选择或者变更选择合同争议应适用的法律，应当以明示的方式进行。
To choose a law or alter a choice of law applicable to contractual disputes shall be done by the parties in an explicit manner.
四、当事人在一审法庭辩论终结前通过协商一致，选择或者变更选择合同争议应适用的法律的，人民法院应予准许。 当事人未选择合同争议应适用的法律，但均援引同一国家或者地区的法律且未提出法律适用异议的，应当视为当事人已经就合同争议应适用的法律作出选择。
The people's court shall permit the parties concerned to choose a law or alter a choice of law applicable to contractual disputes by agreement prior to the end of court debate of the first instance. In case the parties concerned fail to choose a law applicable to contractual disputes but both invoke the law of a same country or region and neither has raised any objection to the choice of law, the parties concerned shall be deemed as having made the choice of a law applicable to contractual disputes.
五、当事人未选择合同争议应适用的法律的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家或者地区的法律。 人民法院根据最密切联系原则确定合同争议应适用的法律时，应根据合同的特殊性质，以及某一方当事人履行的义务最能体现合同的本质特性等因素，确定与合同有最密切联系的国家或者地区的法律作为合同的准据法。
（1）买卖合同，适用合同订立时卖方住所地法；如果合同是在买方住所地谈判并订立的，或者合同明确规定卖方须在买方住所地履行交货义务的，适用买方住所地法。
（2） 来料加工、来件装配以及其他各种加工承揽合同，适用加工承揽人住所地法。
（3） 成套设备供应合同，适用设备安装地法。
（4） 不动产买卖、租赁或者抵押合同，适用不动产所在地法。
（5） 动产租赁合同，适用出租人住所地法。
（6）动产质押合同，适用质权人住所地法。
（7）借款合同，适用贷款人住所地法。
（8） 保险合同，适用保险人住所地法。
（9）融资租赁合同，适用承租人住所地法。
（10） 建设工程合同，适用建设工程所在地法。
（11）仓储、保管合同，适用仓储、保管人住所地法。
（12） 保证合同，适用保证人住所地法。
（13） 委托合同，适用受托人住所地法。
（14）债券的发行、销售和转让合同，分别适用债券发行地法、债券销售地法和债券转让地法。
（15）拍卖合同，适用拍卖举行地法。
（16）行纪合同，适用行纪人住所地法。
（17） 居间合同，适用居间人住所地法。 如果上述合同明显与另一国家或者地区有更密切联系的，适用该另一国家或者地区的法律。
In case the parties concerned fail to choose a law applicable to contractual disputes, the law of the country or region with the closest connection thereto shall be the applicable law. When determining the law applicable to contractual disputes in accordance with the principle of using that with the closest connection, the people's court shall determine the law of the country or region having the closest connection with the contract as the applicable law of a contract in light of the particularities of the contract and that the performance of contractual obligations by one party concerned can best embody the essential characteristic of the contract, etc..
(1) As for contracts of sale, the applicable law shall be the law of domicile of the seller at the time of contract conclusion. In case a contract is concluded after negotiation at the domicile of the buyer, or the contract clearly prescribes that the seller shall fulfill the consignment obligation at the domicile of the buyer, the law of domicile of the buyer shall be the applicable law.
(2) As for contracts on processing with supplied materials, assembling with supplied parts and other processing work, the law of domicile of the processor shall be the applicable law.
(3) As for contracts on supplying plant equipments, the law of the place of installation shall be the applicable law.
(4) As for contracts on the sale, lease or mortgage of real estate, the law of the place of the real estate shall be the applicable law.
(5) As for contracts on the lease of movables, the law of domicile of the lessor shall be the applicable law.
(6) As for contracts on pledge of movables, the law of domicile of the pledgee shall be the applicable law.
(7) As for contracts on borrowing, the law of domicile of the lender shall be the applicable law
(8) As for insurance contracts, the law of domicile of the insurer shall be the applicable law
(9) As for financial leasing contracts, the law of domicile of the lessee shall be the applicable law.
(10) As for contracts on construction projects, the law of the place of construction project shall be the applicable law.
(11) As for warehousing or safekeeping contracts, the law of domicile of the warehouseman or keeper shall be the applicable law.
(12) As for contracts on guaranty, the law of domicile of the guarantor shall be the applicable law.
(13) As for entrustment contracts, the law of domicile of the mandatory shall be the applicable law.
(14) As for contracts on issuance, sale and transfer of bonds, the law of the place of issuance of bonds, the law of the place of sale of bonds and the law of the place of transfer of bonds shall respectively be the applicable law.
(15) As for contracts on auction, the law of the place where the auction is held shall be the applicable law.
(16) As for contracts on brokerage, the law of domicile of the broker shall be the applicable law.
(17) As for contracts on intermediation, the law of domicile of the intermediary shall be the applicable law. In case any contract above is of obvious and closest connection to another country or region, the law of the country or region shall prevail.
六、当事人规避中华人民共和国法律、行政法规的强制性规定的行为，不发生适用外国法律的效力，该合同争议应当适用中华人民共和国法律。
Any elusion of any compulsory provision of the law or administrative regulation of the People's Republic of China by a party shall give no effect to the application of a foreign law, and the contractual dispute shall be subject to the law of the People's Republic of China.
七、适用外国法律违反中华人民共和国社会公共利益的，该外国法律不予适用，而应当适用中华人民共和国法律。
In case the application of a foreign law violates any public interests of the People's Republic of China, the foreign law may not apply, and the law of the People's Republic of China shall apply.
八、 在中华人民共和国领域内履行的下列合同，适用中华人民共和国法律：
（1） 中外合资经营企业合同；
（2） 中外合作经营企业合同；
（3） 中外合作勘探、开发自然资源合同；
（4） 中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外商独资企业股份转让合同；
（5）外国自然人、法人或者其他组织承包经营在中华人民共和国领域内设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业的合同；
（6） 外国自然人、法人或者其他组织购买中华人民共和国领域内的非外商投资企业股东的股权的合同；
（7）外国自然人、法人或者其他组织认购中华人民共和国领域内的非外商投资有限责任公司或者股份有限公司增资的合同；
（8）外国自然人、法人或者其他组织购买中华人民共和国领域内的非外商投资企业资产的合同；
（9）中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应适用中华人民共和国法律的其他合同。
The performance of any of the following contracts within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall be subject to the law of the People's Republic of China:
(1) Contract on a Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures;
(2) Contract on a Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures;
(3) Contract on Chinese-foreign cooperation in the exploration or exploitation of natural resources;
(4) Contract on the transfer of shares in a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or wholly foreign-funded enterprise;
(5) Contract on the operation by a foreign natural person, foreign legal person or any other foreign organization of a Chinese-foreign equity joint venture or a Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture established within the territory of the People's Republic of China;
(6) Contract on the purchase by a foreign natural person, foreign legal person or any other foreign organization of share equity held by a shareholder in a non-foreign-funded enterprise within the territory of the People's Republic of China;
(7) Contract on the subscription by a foreign natural person, foreign legal person or any other foreign organization to the increased registered capital of a non-foreign-funded limited liability or company limited by shares within the territory of the People's Republic of China;
(8) Contract on the purchase by a foreign natural person, foreign legal person or any other foreign organization of assets of a non-foreign-funded enterprise within the territory of the People's Republic of China; and
(9) Other contracts subject to the law of the People's Republic of China as prescribed by a law or administrative regulation of the People's Republic of China.
九、当事人选择或者变更选择合同争议应适用的法律为外国法律时，由当事人提供或者证明该外国法律的相关内容。 人民法院根据最密切联系原则确定合同争议应适用的法律为外国法律时，可以依职权查明该外国法律，亦可以要求当事人提供或者证明该外国法律的内容。 当事人和人民法院通过适当的途径均不能查明外国法律的内容的，人民法院可以适用中华人民共和国法律。
In case the parties choosing a foreign law applicable to related contractual disputes or altering the choice of law applicable to contractual disputes to a foreign law, it shall provide or prove the related content of the foreign law. When determining a law applicable to contractual disputes in accordance with the principle of using that with the closest connection, the people's court may ascertain the foreign law upon its authority, or require the parties concerned to provide or prove the content of the foreign law. In case neither the parties concerned nor the people's court can ascertain the content of the foreign law through proper channels, the people's court may apply the law of the People's Republic of China.
十、 当事人对查明的外国法律内容经质证后无异议的，人民法院应予确认。当事人有异议的，由人民法院审查认定。
The present Rules shall apply by analogy to the law applicable to the contracts related to civil and commercial matters involving the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or the Macao Special Administrative Region.
最高人民法院关于适用《公司法》若干问题的规定Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues about the Application of the Company Law
Abstract: the following are the details on provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on some issues about the application of the company law.
(Note: If you are interested in this detail, please contact me or e-mail to sdhmyan@hotmail.com)
一、单独或者合计持有公司全部股东表决权百分之十以上的股东，以下列事由之一提起解散公司诉讼，并符合公司法第一百八十三条规定的，人民法院应予受理：
（1）公司持续两年以上无法召开股东会或者股东大会，公司经营管理发生严重困难的；
（2）股东表决时无法达到法定或者公司章程规定的比例，持续两年以上不能做出有效的股东会或者股东大会决议，公司经营管理发生严重困难的；
（3）公司董事长期冲突，且无法通过股东会或者股东大会解决，公司经营管理发生严重困难的；
（4）经营管理发生其他严重困难，公司继续存续会使股东利益受到重大损失的情形。
股东以知情权、利润分配请求权等权益受到损害，或者公司亏损、财产不足以偿还全部债务，以及公司被吊销企业法人营业执照未进行清算等为由，提起解散公司诉讼的，人民法院不予受理。
Where any shareholders, separately or jointly, holding 10 percent or more of the shareholder’s voting rights of a company file a lawsuit to dissolute the company with any of the following grounds and accord with provisions in Article 183 of the Company Law, the People’s court shall accept the lawsuit:
(1) The company cannot hold the meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of shareholders for two or more consecutive years, and the company has serious difficulties in its operation and management;
(2) Valid resolutions cannot be made in the meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of shareholders for two or more consecutive years due to the voting by shareholders cannot reach the statutory proportion or the proportion provided in the articles of association of the company, and the company has serious difficulties in its operation and management;
(3) The directors of the company are in conflict for a long time, which cannot be solved through the meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of shareholders, and the company has serious difficulties in its operation and management;
(4) The company has any other kinds of serious difficulties in its operation and management and its continuous existence may cause major damage to the interests of shareholders.
Where any shareholders file a lawsuit to dissolute the company on grounds that their rights and interests such as the right to information, the claim for profit distribution are damaged, or the company is in deficit and its properties are insufficient to pay off all debts, or the business license of enterprise legal person of the company has been revoked but the liquidation has not been conducted yet, the people’s court shall not accept the lawsuit.
二、股东提起解散公司诉讼，同时又申请人民法院对公司进行清算的，人民法院对其提出的清算申请不予受理。人民法院可以告知原告，在人民法院判决解散公司后，自行组织清算或者另行申请人民法院对公司进行清算。
Where any shareholders file a lawsuit to dissolute a company and also apply to the people’s court for liquidation of the company, the people’s court shall not accept the application for liquidation. The people’s court may notify the plaintiff to voluntarily organize or separately apply to the people’s court for the liquidation of the company after the people’s court has decided to dissolute the company.
三、股东提起解散公司诉讼时，向人民法院申请财产保全或者证据保全的，在股东提供担保且不影响公司正常经营的情形下，人民法院可予以保全。
Where any shareholders file a lawsuit to dissolute a company and also apply to the people’s court for property preservation or evidence preservation, the people’s court may conduct preservation, provided the shareholders offer guarantee and the normal operation of the company will not be affected.
四、股东提起解散公司诉讼应当以公司为被告。
原告以其他股东为被告一并提起诉讼的，人民法院应当告知原告将其他股东变更为第三人；原告坚持不予变更的，人民法院应当驳回原告对其他股东的起诉。
原告提起解散公司诉讼应当告知其他股东，或者由人民法院通知其参加诉讼。其他股东或者有关利害关系人申请以共同原告或者第三人身份参加诉讼的，人民法院应予准许。
In a lawsuit for company dissolution filed by any shareholders, the company shall be the defendant.
Where the plaintiff files a lawsuit simultaneously against any other shareholders, the people’s court shall notify the plaintiff to change the other shareholders into the third party; if the plaintiff insists no change, the people’s court shall overrule the lawsuit by the plaintiff against the other shareholders.
Where the plaintiff files a lawsuit to dissolute a company, he/she shall notify other shareholders, or the people’s court shall notify other shareholders, to participate in the litigation. Where any other shareholders or interested parties apply to participate in the litigation as the co-plaintiff or the third party, the people’s court shall give permission.
五、人民法院审理解散公司诉讼案件，应当注重调解。当事人协商同意由公司或者股东收购股份,或者以减资等方式使公司存续，且不违反法律、行政法规强制性规定的，人民法院应予支持。当事人不能协商一致使公司存续的，人民法院应当及时判决。
经人民法院调解公司收购原告股份的，公司应当自调解书生效之日起六个月内将股份转让或者注销。股份转让或者注销之前，原告不得以公司收购其股份为由对抗公司债权人。
The people’s court shall attach priority to meditation when hearing a lawsuit over company dissolution. Where persons concerned agree upon negotiation to continue the company by way of allowing the company or some shareholders to purchase their shares, or capital reduction, provided no mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations are violated, the people’s court shall give support. Where parsons concerned cannot reach consensus to continue the company, the people’s court shall render a judgment in a timely manner.
Where the company decides to repurchase the shares of the plaintiff upon mediation by the people’s court, the company shall transfer or cancel the said shares within 6 months when the mediation paper comes into effect. Before the transfer or cancellation of the said shares, the plaintiff shall not resist any creditors of the company on the ground of repurchase of his/her shares by the company.
六、 人民法院关于解散公司诉讼作出的判决，对公司全体股东具有法律约束力。
人民法院判决驳回解散公司诉讼请求后，提起该诉讼的股东或者其他股东又以同一事实和理由提起解散公司诉讼的，人民法院不予受理。
A judgment on lawsuit regarding company dissolution rendered by the people’s court shall be legally binding to all shareholders of the company.
Where the shareholders who have filed a lawsuit over company dissolution or any other shareholders file anther lawsuit over company dissolution for the same facts and grounds after the people’s court has overruled the lawsuit over company dissolution, the people’s court shall not accept the lawsuit.
七、公司应当依照公司法第一百八十四条的规定，在解散事由出现之日起十五日内成立清算组，开始自行清算。
有下列情形之一，债权人申请人民法院指定清算组进行清算的，人民法院应予受理：
（1）公司解散逾期不成立清算组进行清算的；
（2）虽然成立清算组但故意拖延清算的；
（3）违法清算可能严重损害债权人或者股东利益的。
虽然成立清算组但故意拖延清算，而债权人未提起清算申请，公司股东申请人民法院指定清算组对公司进行清算的，人民法院应予受理。
A company shall set up a liquidation group to start the voluntary liquidation pursuant to Article 184 of the Company Law within 15 days upon the emergence of causes for dissolution.
Where any creditors apply to the people’s court for designation of a liquidation group for the liquidation under any of the following circumstances, the people’s court shall accept the application:
(1) The company has dissolved itself but has not set up a liquidation group for liquidation within the prescribed time limit;
(2) The company has set up a liquidation group but delayed the liquidation intentionally;
(3) The illegal liquidation may seriously damage the interests of creditors or shareholders.
Where creditors has not applied for liquidation while shareholders of the company apply to the people’s court to designate a liquidation group for liquidation of the company under the circumstance that the company has set up a liquidation group but delayed the liquidation intentionally; the people’s court shall accept the application.
八、人民法院受理公司清算案件，应当及时指定有关人员组成清算组。
清算组成员可以从下列人员或者机构中产生：
（1）公司股东、董事、监事、高级管理人员；
（2）依法设立的律师事务所、会计师事务所、破产清算事务所等社会中介机构；
（3）依法设立的律师事务所、会计师事务所、破产清算事务所等社会中介机构中具备相关专业知识并取得执业资格的人员。
Where the people’s court accepts a company liquidation case, it shall designate relevant persons to set up a liquidation group.
The members of the liquidation group may come from the following persons or organizations:
(1) Shareholders, directors, supervisors and senior managers of the company;
(2) Law firms, accounting firms, bankruptcy and liquidation firms and other social intermediary organizations established according to law;
(3) Persons who have relevant professional knowledge and practice qualifications and work in law firms, accounting firms, bankruptcy and liquidation firms and other social intermediary organizations established according to law.
九、人民法院指定的清算组成员有下列情形之一的，人民法院可以根据债权人、股东的申请，或者依职权更换清算组成员：
（1）有违反法律或者行政法规的行为；
（2）丧失执业能力或者民事行为能力；
（3）有严重损害公司或者债权人利益的行为。
Where any members of a liquidation group designated by the people’s court are under any of the following circumstances, the people’s court may replace these members upon the application of any creditors and shareholders, or upon the authority:
(1) Having any act in violation of laws or administrative regulations;
(2) Losing the practice ability or the capacity for civil conduct;
(3) Having any act seriously damaging the interests of the company or creditors.
十、公司依法清算结束并办理注销登记前，有关公司的民事诉讼，应当以公司的名义进行。
公司成立清算组的，由清算组负责人代表公司参加诉讼；尚未成立清算组的，由原法定代表人代表公司参加诉讼。
Any civil lawsuit involving a company shall be preceded in the name of the company before the liquidation of the company and the cancellation of registration thereof are finished.
Where the company has set up a liquidation group, the head of the liquidation group shall participate in litigation for the company; where no liquidation group has been set up, the original legal representative shall participate in litigation for the company.
十一、 公司清算时，清算组应当按照公司法第一百八十六条的规定，将公司解散清算事宜书面通知全体已知债权人，并根据公司规模和营业地域范围在全国或者公司注册登记地省级有影响的报纸上进行公告。
清算组未按照前款规定履行通知和公告义务，导致债权人未及时申报债权而未获清偿，债权人主张清算组成员对因此造成的损失承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
When a company is under liquidation, the liquidation group shall notify all known creditors about the dissolution and liquidation of the company in written form pursuant to Article 186 of the Company Law, and make announcement on a national or provincial newspapers that have influences in the place where the company is registered based on the scale and business territory of the company.
Where the liquidation group fails to perform its obligations of notification and announcement provided in the above paragraph hereof, and hence causes any creditors unable to make timely declaration and acquire compensation, if the creditors claim the members of the liquidation group shall assume the liability of compensation for the losses resulted therefore, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
十二、 公司清算时，债权人对清算组核定的债权有异议的，可以要求清算组重新核定。清算组不予重新核定，或者债权人对重新核定的债权仍有异议，债权人以公司为被告向人民法院提起诉讼请求确认的，人民法院应予受理。
Where any creditors hold dissent on the creditor’s rights verified by a liquidation group in the course of the company liquidation, they may require the liquidation group to make a re-verification. Where the liquidation group refuses the re-verification or the creditors still hold dissent on the creditor’s rights re-verified, and the creditors file a lawsuit requesting for confirmation with the people’s court against the company, the people’s court shall accept the lawsuit.
十三、债权人在规定的期限内未申报债权，在公司清算程序终结前补充申报的，清算组应予登记。
公司清算程序终结，是指清算报告经股东会、股东大会或者人民法院确认完毕。
Where a creditor fails to declare the creditor’s rights within the prescribed time limit but makes up the declaration before the company liquidation procedure is concluded, the liquidation group shall make registration.
The conclusion of the company liquidation procedure means the liquidation report has been confirmed by the meeting of shareholders, the general meeting of shareholders or the people’s court.
十四、 债权人补充申报的债权，可以在公司尚未分配财产中依法清偿。公司尚未分配财产不能全额清偿，债权人主张股东以其在剩余财产分配中已经取得的财产予以清偿的，人民法院应予支持；但债权人因重大过错未在规定期限内申报债权的除外。
债权人或者清算组，以公司尚未分配财产和股东在剩余财产分配中已经取得的财产，不能全额清偿补充申报的债权为由，向人民法院提出破产清算申请的，人民法院不予受理。
Where creditors make up declarations of creditor’s rights, they may get compensation from the undistributed properties of the company. Where the undistributed properties of the company are not enough for compensation in full amount and the creditors claim that the shareholders shall make compensation by their properties obtained from the residual properties, the people’s court shall support the claim; unless the creditors fail to declare the creditor’s rights within the prescribed time limit due to major faults.
Where any creditors or the liquidation group apply to the people’s court for bankruptcy and liquidation on the ground that the undistributed properties of the company and properties obtained by shareholders from the residual properties cannot pay off the creditor’s rights of declarations made up in full amount, the people’s court shall not accept the application.
十五、 公司自行清算的，清算方案应当报股东会或者股东大会决议确认；人民法院组织清算的，清算方案应当报人民法院确认。未经确认的清算方案，清算组不得执行。
执行未经确认的清算方案给公司或者债权人造成损失，公司、股东或者债权人主张清算组成员承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
Where a company has a voluntary liquidation, the liquidation scheme shall be reported to the meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of shareholders for resolution and confirmation; where the liquidation is organized by the people’s court, the liquidation scheme shall be reported to the people’s court for confirmation. The liquidation group shall not implement unconfirmed liquidation schemes.
Where the implement of an unconfirmed liquidation scheme causes losses to the company or any creditors, and the company, any shareholders or creditors claim that the members of the liquidation group shall assume the liability of compensation, the people’s court shall support the claim.
十六、人民法院组织清算的,清算组应当自成立之日起六个月内清算完毕。
因特殊情况无法在六个月内完成清算的，清算组应当向人民法院申请延长。
Where liquidation is organized by the people’s court, the liquidation group shall conclude the liquidation within 6 months after its formation.
Where the liquidation cannot be concluded within 6 months due to special reasons, the liquidation group shall apply to the people’s court for extension.
十七、 人民法院指定的清算组在清理公司财产、编制资产负债表和财产清单时，发现公司财产不足清偿债务的，可以与债权人协商制作有关债务清偿方案。
债务清偿方案经全体债权人确认且不损害其他利害关系人利益的，人民法院可依清算组的申请裁定予以认可。清算组依据该清偿方案清偿债务后，应当向人民法院申请裁定终结清算程序。
债权人对债务清偿方案不予确认或者人民法院不予认可的，清算组应当依法向人民法院申请宣告破产。
Where the liquidation group designated by the people’s court finds out the properties of the company cannot pay off debts totally when liquidating properties of the company and formulating the balance sheet and assets lists, it may work out a relevant debt repayment scheme with creditors upon negotiation.
Where the debt repayment scheme is confirmed by all creditors and does not damage the interests of other interested parties, the people’s court may decide to acknowledge the scheme upon application of the liquidation group. The liquidation group shall file an application with the people’s court for deciding the termination of the liquidation procedure after debts have been paid off according to the said repayment scheme.
Where any creditors do not confirm or the people’s court does not acknowledge the repayment scheme, the liquidation group shall file an application with the people’s court for announcement of bankruptcy according to law.
十八、 有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东未在法定期限内成立清算组开始清算，导致公司财产贬值、流失、毁损或者灭失，债权人主张其在造成损失范围内对公司债务承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东因怠于履行义务，导致公司主要财产、帐册、重要文件等灭失，无法进行清算，债权人主张其对公司债务承担连带清偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
上述情形系实际控制人原因造成，债权人主张实际控制人对公司债务承担相应民事责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
Where the shareholders of a company with limited liabilities or the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock company fail to set up a liquidation group to start liquidation within the statutory time limit, and hence causes depreciation, run-off, damage or loss of properties of the company, if any creditors claim that the aforesaid shareholders or the aforesaid directors and controlling shareholders shall assume the liability of compensation for the debts of the company within the scope of losses, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
Where the shareholders of a company with limited liabilities or the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock company cause the loss of main properties, books and major documents of the company due to their failure in performing their obligations and hence cause the liquidation unable to be conducted, if any creditors claim that the aforesaid shareholders or the aforesaid directors and controlling shareholders shall be jointly and severally liable for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
Where any of the aforesaid circumstances are caused by actual controllers, if the creditors claim that the actual controllers shall assume the corresponding civil liabilities for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
十九、有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东，以及公司的实际控制人在公司解散后，恶意处置公司财产给债权人造成损失，或者未经依法清算，以虚假的清算报告骗取公司登记机关办理法人注销登记，债权人主张其对公司债务承担相应赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
Where the shareholders of a company with limited liabilities, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock company, and the actual controllers of a company maliciously dispose of company properties and hence cause losses to any creditors, or cheat the company registration organ to cancel the registration of the company with a false liquidation report without legitimate liquidation, if any creditors claim that the aforesaid shareholders, directors, controlling shareholders and actual controllers shall assume the corresponding civil liability for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
二十、公司解散应当在依法清算完毕后，申请办理注销登记。公司未经清算即办理注销登记，导致公司无法进行清算，债权人主张有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东，以及公司的实际控制人对公司债务承担清偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
公司未经依法清算即办理注销登记，股东或者第三人在公司登记机关办理注销登记时承诺对公司债务承担责任，债权人主张其对公司债务承担相应民事责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
For the dissolution of a company, the cancellation of registration shall be handled after the liquidation has been concluded according to law. Where the company handles deregistration without liquidation, hence causing liquidation of the company unable to be conducted, if any creditors claim that the shareholders of the company with limited liabilities, the directors and controlling shareholders of the joint stock company and actual controllers of the company shall jointly or severally assume the liability of liquidation for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim.
Where the company handles deregistration without liquidation according to law and its shareholders or the third party commit to assuming liabilities at the company registration organ in the course of deregistration, if any creditors claim that the aforesaid shareholders and the third party shall assume corresponding civil liabilities for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
二十一、有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东，以及公司的实际控制人为二人以上的，其中一人或者数人按照规定承担民事责任后，主张其他人员按照过错大小分担责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
Where the shareholders of a company with limited liabilities, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock company, and the actual controllers of a company are two or more, and one or several of them claim that the others shall share the liabilities based on the degree of their faults after their have assumed civil liabilities, the people’s court shall support the claim.
二十二、公司解散时，股东尚未缴纳的出资均应作为清算财产。股东尚未缴纳的出资，包括到期应缴未缴的出资，以及依照公司法第二十六条和第八十一条的规定分期缴纳尚未届满缴纳期限的出资。
公司财产不足以清偿债务时，债权人主张未缴出资股东，以及公司设立时的其他股东或者发起人在未缴出资范围内对公司债务承担连带清偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
At the time of company dissolution, the unpaid capital contributions of shareholders shall be deemed as liquidation properties. The unpaid capital contributions of shareholders include the payable capital that has not been paid yet and the capital that shall be contributed by stages and has not expired according to Article 26 and 81 of the Company Law.
Where the company’s properties are insufficient to pay off debts, and any creditors claim that the shareholders having not paid their capital contributions and other shareholders or initiators for the establishment of the company shall, jointly and severely, assume the liabilities for the debts of the company within the scope of unpaid capital contributions, the people’s court shall support the claim.
二十三、清算组成员从事清算事务时，违反法律、行政法规或者公司章程给公司或者债权人造成损失，公司或者债权人主张其承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司连续一百八十日以上单独或者合计持有公司百分之一以上股份的股东，依据公司法第一百五十二条第三款的规定，以清算组成员有前款所述行为为由向人民法院提起诉讼的，人民法院应予受理。
公司已经清算完毕注销，上述股东参照公司法第一百五十二条第三款的规定，直接以清算组成员为被告、其他股东为第三人向人民法院提起诉讼的，人民法院应予受理。
Where any members of the liquidation group violate any laws, administrative regulations or articles of associations of a company during liquidation, hence causing losses to the company or any creditors, if the company or the creditors claim the said members shall assume the liability of compensation, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
Where any shareholders of a company with limited liabilities or of a joint stock company who, separately or jointly, hold 1% or more of the company’s shares for consecutive 180 days or more, file a lawsuit with the people’s court according to Item 3 of Article 152 of the Company Law on the ground that any members of the liquidation group have the aforesaid act, the people’s court shall accept the lawsuit.
Where the company has its registration cancelled after liquidation, and aforesaid shareholders file a lawsuit with the people’s court directly against the members of the liquidation group by taking other shareholders as the third party according to Item 3 of Article 152 of the Company Law, the people’s court shall accept the lawsuit.
二十四、解散公司诉讼案件和公司清算案件由公司住所地人民法院管辖。公司住所地是指公司主要办事机构所在地。公司办事机构所在地不明确的，由其注册地人民法院管辖。
基层人民法院管辖县、县级市或者区的公司登记机关核准登记公司的解散诉讼案件和公司清算案件；中级人民法院管辖地区、地级市以上的公司登记机关核准登记公司的解散诉讼案件和公司清算案件。
A company dissolution lawsuit and a company liquidation case shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the people’s court at the place where the company is domiciled. The domicile of a company refers to the place where the principal office of a company is located. Where the principal office of a company is unclear, aforesaid cases shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the people’s court at the place where the company is registered.
A base people’s courts shall have the jurisdiction over the cases for dissolution and liquidation of the companies registered upon approval of the company registration organs at the level of county, city or district. An intermediate people’s court shall have the jurisdiction over the cases for dissolution and liquidation of the companies registered upon approval of the company registration organs at or above the level of municipality.
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一、单独或者合计持有公司全部股东表决权百分之十以上的股东，以下列事由之一提起解散公司诉讼，并符合公司法第一百八十三条规定的，人民法院应予受理：
（1）公司持续两年以上无法召开股东会或者股东大会，公司经营管理发生严重困难的；
（2）股东表决时无法达到法定或者公司章程规定的比例，持续两年以上不能做出有效的股东会或者股东大会决议，公司经营管理发生严重困难的；
（3）公司董事长期冲突，且无法通过股东会或者股东大会解决，公司经营管理发生严重困难的；
（4）经营管理发生其他严重困难，公司继续存续会使股东利益受到重大损失的情形。
股东以知情权、利润分配请求权等权益受到损害，或者公司亏损、财产不足以偿还全部债务，以及公司被吊销企业法人营业执照未进行清算等为由，提起解散公司诉讼的，人民法院不予受理。
Where any shareholders, separately or jointly, holding 10 percent or more of the shareholder’s voting rights of a company file a lawsuit to dissolute the company with any of the following grounds and accord with provisions in Article 183 of the Company Law, the People’s court shall accept the lawsuit:
(1) The company cannot hold the meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of shareholders for two or more consecutive years, and the company has serious difficulties in its operation and management;
(2) Valid resolutions cannot be made in the meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of shareholders for two or more consecutive years due to the voting by shareholders cannot reach the statutory proportion or the proportion provided in the articles of association of the company, and the company has serious difficulties in its operation and management;
(3) The directors of the company are in conflict for a long time, which cannot be solved through the meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of shareholders, and the company has serious difficulties in its operation and management;
(4) The company has any other kinds of serious difficulties in its operation and management and its continuous existence may cause major damage to the interests of shareholders.
Where any shareholders file a lawsuit to dissolute the company on grounds that their rights and interests such as the right to information, the claim for profit distribution are damaged, or the company is in deficit and its properties are insufficient to pay off all debts, or the business license of enterprise legal person of the company has been revoked but the liquidation has not been conducted yet, the people’s court shall not accept the lawsuit.
二、股东提起解散公司诉讼，同时又申请人民法院对公司进行清算的，人民法院对其提出的清算申请不予受理。人民法院可以告知原告，在人民法院判决解散公司后，自行组织清算或者另行申请人民法院对公司进行清算。
Where any shareholders file a lawsuit to dissolute a company and also apply to the people’s court for liquidation of the company, the people’s court shall not accept the application for liquidation. The people’s court may notify the plaintiff to voluntarily organize or separately apply to the people’s court for the liquidation of the company after the people’s court has decided to dissolute the company.
三、股东提起解散公司诉讼时，向人民法院申请财产保全或者证据保全的，在股东提供担保且不影响公司正常经营的情形下，人民法院可予以保全。
Where any shareholders file a lawsuit to dissolute a company and also apply to the people’s court for property preservation or evidence preservation, the people’s court may conduct preservation, provided the shareholders offer guarantee and the normal operation of the company will not be affected.
四、股东提起解散公司诉讼应当以公司为被告。
原告以其他股东为被告一并提起诉讼的，人民法院应当告知原告将其他股东变更为第三人；原告坚持不予变更的，人民法院应当驳回原告对其他股东的起诉。
原告提起解散公司诉讼应当告知其他股东，或者由人民法院通知其参加诉讼。其他股东或者有关利害关系人申请以共同原告或者第三人身份参加诉讼的，人民法院应予准许。
In a lawsuit for company dissolution filed by any shareholders, the company shall be the defendant.
Where the plaintiff files a lawsuit simultaneously against any other shareholders, the people’s court shall notify the plaintiff to change the other shareholders into the third party; if the plaintiff insists no change, the people’s court shall overrule the lawsuit by the plaintiff against the other shareholders.
Where the plaintiff files a lawsuit to dissolute a company, he/she shall notify other shareholders, or the people’s court shall notify other shareholders, to participate in the litigation. Where any other shareholders or interested parties apply to participate in the litigation as the co-plaintiff or the third party, the people’s court shall give permission.
五、人民法院审理解散公司诉讼案件，应当注重调解。当事人协商同意由公司或者股东收购股份,或者以减资等方式使公司存续，且不违反法律、行政法规强制性规定的，人民法院应予支持。当事人不能协商一致使公司存续的，人民法院应当及时判决。
经人民法院调解公司收购原告股份的，公司应当自调解书生效之日起六个月内将股份转让或者注销。股份转让或者注销之前，原告不得以公司收购其股份为由对抗公司债权人。
The people’s court shall attach priority to meditation when hearing a lawsuit over company dissolution. Where persons concerned agree upon negotiation to continue the company by way of allowing the company or some shareholders to purchase their shares, or capital reduction, provided no mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations are violated, the people’s court shall give support. Where parsons concerned cannot reach consensus to continue the company, the people’s court shall render a judgment in a timely manner.
Where the company decides to repurchase the shares of the plaintiff upon mediation by the people’s court, the company shall transfer or cancel the said shares within 6 months when the mediation paper comes into effect. Before the transfer or cancellation of the said shares, the plaintiff shall not resist any creditors of the company on the ground of repurchase of his/her shares by the company.
六、 人民法院关于解散公司诉讼作出的判决，对公司全体股东具有法律约束力。
人民法院判决驳回解散公司诉讼请求后，提起该诉讼的股东或者其他股东又以同一事实和理由提起解散公司诉讼的，人民法院不予受理。
A judgment on lawsuit regarding company dissolution rendered by the people’s court shall be legally binding to all shareholders of the company.
Where the shareholders who have filed a lawsuit over company dissolution or any other shareholders file anther lawsuit over company dissolution for the same facts and grounds after the people’s court has overruled the lawsuit over company dissolution, the people’s court shall not accept the lawsuit.
七、公司应当依照公司法第一百八十四条的规定，在解散事由出现之日起十五日内成立清算组，开始自行清算。
有下列情形之一，债权人申请人民法院指定清算组进行清算的，人民法院应予受理：
（1）公司解散逾期不成立清算组进行清算的；
（2）虽然成立清算组但故意拖延清算的；
（3）违法清算可能严重损害债权人或者股东利益的。
虽然成立清算组但故意拖延清算，而债权人未提起清算申请，公司股东申请人民法院指定清算组对公司进行清算的，人民法院应予受理。
A company shall set up a liquidation group to start the voluntary liquidation pursuant to Article 184 of the Company Law within 15 days upon the emergence of causes for dissolution.
Where any creditors apply to the people’s court for designation of a liquidation group for the liquidation under any of the following circumstances, the people’s court shall accept the application:
(1) The company has dissolved itself but has not set up a liquidation group for liquidation within the prescribed time limit;
(2) The company has set up a liquidation group but delayed the liquidation intentionally;
(3) The illegal liquidation may seriously damage the interests of creditors or shareholders.
Where creditors has not applied for liquidation while shareholders of the company apply to the people’s court to designate a liquidation group for liquidation of the company under the circumstance that the company has set up a liquidation group but delayed the liquidation intentionally; the people’s court shall accept the application.
八、人民法院受理公司清算案件，应当及时指定有关人员组成清算组。
清算组成员可以从下列人员或者机构中产生：
（1）公司股东、董事、监事、高级管理人员；
（2）依法设立的律师事务所、会计师事务所、破产清算事务所等社会中介机构；
（3）依法设立的律师事务所、会计师事务所、破产清算事务所等社会中介机构中具备相关专业知识并取得执业资格的人员。
Where the people’s court accepts a company liquidation case, it shall designate relevant persons to set up a liquidation group.
The members of the liquidation group may come from the following persons or organizations:
(1) Shareholders, directors, supervisors and senior managers of the company;
(2) Law firms, accounting firms, bankruptcy and liquidation firms and other social intermediary organizations established according to law;
(3) Persons who have relevant professional knowledge and practice qualifications and work in law firms, accounting firms, bankruptcy and liquidation firms and other social intermediary organizations established according to law.
九、人民法院指定的清算组成员有下列情形之一的，人民法院可以根据债权人、股东的申请，或者依职权更换清算组成员：
（1）有违反法律或者行政法规的行为；
（2）丧失执业能力或者民事行为能力；
（3）有严重损害公司或者债权人利益的行为。
Where any members of a liquidation group designated by the people’s court are under any of the following circumstances, the people’s court may replace these members upon the application of any creditors and shareholders, or upon the authority:
(1) Having any act in violation of laws or administrative regulations;
(2) Losing the practice ability or the capacity for civil conduct;
(3) Having any act seriously damaging the interests of the company or creditors.
十、公司依法清算结束并办理注销登记前，有关公司的民事诉讼，应当以公司的名义进行。
公司成立清算组的，由清算组负责人代表公司参加诉讼；尚未成立清算组的，由原法定代表人代表公司参加诉讼。
Any civil lawsuit involving a company shall be preceded in the name of the company before the liquidation of the company and the cancellation of registration thereof are finished.
Where the company has set up a liquidation group, the head of the liquidation group shall participate in litigation for the company; where no liquidation group has been set up, the original legal representative shall participate in litigation for the company.
十一、 公司清算时，清算组应当按照公司法第一百八十六条的规定，将公司解散清算事宜书面通知全体已知债权人，并根据公司规模和营业地域范围在全国或者公司注册登记地省级有影响的报纸上进行公告。
清算组未按照前款规定履行通知和公告义务，导致债权人未及时申报债权而未获清偿，债权人主张清算组成员对因此造成的损失承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
When a company is under liquidation, the liquidation group shall notify all known creditors about the dissolution and liquidation of the company in written form pursuant to Article 186 of the Company Law, and make announcement on a national or provincial newspapers that have influences in the place where the company is registered based on the scale and business territory of the company.
Where the liquidation group fails to perform its obligations of notification and announcement provided in the above paragraph hereof, and hence causes any creditors unable to make timely declaration and acquire compensation, if the creditors claim the members of the liquidation group shall assume the liability of compensation for the losses resulted therefore, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
十二、 公司清算时，债权人对清算组核定的债权有异议的，可以要求清算组重新核定。清算组不予重新核定，或者债权人对重新核定的债权仍有异议，债权人以公司为被告向人民法院提起诉讼请求确认的，人民法院应予受理。
Where any creditors hold dissent on the creditor’s rights verified by a liquidation group in the course of the company liquidation, they may require the liquidation group to make a re-verification. Where the liquidation group refuses the re-verification or the creditors still hold dissent on the creditor’s rights re-verified, and the creditors file a lawsuit requesting for confirmation with the people’s court against the company, the people’s court shall accept the lawsuit.
十三、债权人在规定的期限内未申报债权，在公司清算程序终结前补充申报的，清算组应予登记。
公司清算程序终结，是指清算报告经股东会、股东大会或者人民法院确认完毕。
Where a creditor fails to declare the creditor’s rights within the prescribed time limit but makes up the declaration before the company liquidation procedure is concluded, the liquidation group shall make registration.
The conclusion of the company liquidation procedure means the liquidation report has been confirmed by the meeting of shareholders, the general meeting of shareholders or the people’s court.
十四、 债权人补充申报的债权，可以在公司尚未分配财产中依法清偿。公司尚未分配财产不能全额清偿，债权人主张股东以其在剩余财产分配中已经取得的财产予以清偿的，人民法院应予支持；但债权人因重大过错未在规定期限内申报债权的除外。
债权人或者清算组，以公司尚未分配财产和股东在剩余财产分配中已经取得的财产，不能全额清偿补充申报的债权为由，向人民法院提出破产清算申请的，人民法院不予受理。
Where creditors make up declarations of creditor’s rights, they may get compensation from the undistributed properties of the company. Where the undistributed properties of the company are not enough for compensation in full amount and the creditors claim that the shareholders shall make compensation by their properties obtained from the residual properties, the people’s court shall support the claim; unless the creditors fail to declare the creditor’s rights within the prescribed time limit due to major faults.
Where any creditors or the liquidation group apply to the people’s court for bankruptcy and liquidation on the ground that the undistributed properties of the company and properties obtained by shareholders from the residual properties cannot pay off the creditor’s rights of declarations made up in full amount, the people’s court shall not accept the application.
十五、 公司自行清算的，清算方案应当报股东会或者股东大会决议确认；人民法院组织清算的，清算方案应当报人民法院确认。未经确认的清算方案，清算组不得执行。
执行未经确认的清算方案给公司或者债权人造成损失，公司、股东或者债权人主张清算组成员承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
Where a company has a voluntary liquidation, the liquidation scheme shall be reported to the meeting of shareholders or the general meeting of shareholders for resolution and confirmation; where the liquidation is organized by the people’s court, the liquidation scheme shall be reported to the people’s court for confirmation. The liquidation group shall not implement unconfirmed liquidation schemes.
Where the implement of an unconfirmed liquidation scheme causes losses to the company or any creditors, and the company, any shareholders or creditors claim that the members of the liquidation group shall assume the liability of compensation, the people’s court shall support the claim.
十六、人民法院组织清算的,清算组应当自成立之日起六个月内清算完毕。
因特殊情况无法在六个月内完成清算的，清算组应当向人民法院申请延长。
Where liquidation is organized by the people’s court, the liquidation group shall conclude the liquidation within 6 months after its formation.
Where the liquidation cannot be concluded within 6 months due to special reasons, the liquidation group shall apply to the people’s court for extension.
十七、 人民法院指定的清算组在清理公司财产、编制资产负债表和财产清单时，发现公司财产不足清偿债务的，可以与债权人协商制作有关债务清偿方案。
债务清偿方案经全体债权人确认且不损害其他利害关系人利益的，人民法院可依清算组的申请裁定予以认可。清算组依据该清偿方案清偿债务后，应当向人民法院申请裁定终结清算程序。
债权人对债务清偿方案不予确认或者人民法院不予认可的，清算组应当依法向人民法院申请宣告破产。
Where the liquidation group designated by the people’s court finds out the properties of the company cannot pay off debts totally when liquidating properties of the company and formulating the balance sheet and assets lists, it may work out a relevant debt repayment scheme with creditors upon negotiation.
Where the debt repayment scheme is confirmed by all creditors and does not damage the interests of other interested parties, the people’s court may decide to acknowledge the scheme upon application of the liquidation group. The liquidation group shall file an application with the people’s court for deciding the termination of the liquidation procedure after debts have been paid off according to the said repayment scheme.
Where any creditors do not confirm or the people’s court does not acknowledge the repayment scheme, the liquidation group shall file an application with the people’s court for announcement of bankruptcy according to law.
十八、 有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东未在法定期限内成立清算组开始清算，导致公司财产贬值、流失、毁损或者灭失，债权人主张其在造成损失范围内对公司债务承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东因怠于履行义务，导致公司主要财产、帐册、重要文件等灭失，无法进行清算，债权人主张其对公司债务承担连带清偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
上述情形系实际控制人原因造成，债权人主张实际控制人对公司债务承担相应民事责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
Where the shareholders of a company with limited liabilities or the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock company fail to set up a liquidation group to start liquidation within the statutory time limit, and hence causes depreciation, run-off, damage or loss of properties of the company, if any creditors claim that the aforesaid shareholders or the aforesaid directors and controlling shareholders shall assume the liability of compensation for the debts of the company within the scope of losses, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
Where the shareholders of a company with limited liabilities or the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock company cause the loss of main properties, books and major documents of the company due to their failure in performing their obligations and hence cause the liquidation unable to be conducted, if any creditors claim that the aforesaid shareholders or the aforesaid directors and controlling shareholders shall be jointly and severally liable for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
Where any of the aforesaid circumstances are caused by actual controllers, if the creditors claim that the actual controllers shall assume the corresponding civil liabilities for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
十九、有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东，以及公司的实际控制人在公司解散后，恶意处置公司财产给债权人造成损失，或者未经依法清算，以虚假的清算报告骗取公司登记机关办理法人注销登记，债权人主张其对公司债务承担相应赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
Where the shareholders of a company with limited liabilities, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock company, and the actual controllers of a company maliciously dispose of company properties and hence cause losses to any creditors, or cheat the company registration organ to cancel the registration of the company with a false liquidation report without legitimate liquidation, if any creditors claim that the aforesaid shareholders, directors, controlling shareholders and actual controllers shall assume the corresponding civil liability for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
二十、公司解散应当在依法清算完毕后，申请办理注销登记。公司未经清算即办理注销登记，导致公司无法进行清算，债权人主张有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东，以及公司的实际控制人对公司债务承担清偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
公司未经依法清算即办理注销登记，股东或者第三人在公司登记机关办理注销登记时承诺对公司债务承担责任，债权人主张其对公司债务承担相应民事责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
For the dissolution of a company, the cancellation of registration shall be handled after the liquidation has been concluded according to law. Where the company handles deregistration without liquidation, hence causing liquidation of the company unable to be conducted, if any creditors claim that the shareholders of the company with limited liabilities, the directors and controlling shareholders of the joint stock company and actual controllers of the company shall jointly or severally assume the liability of liquidation for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim.
Where the company handles deregistration without liquidation according to law and its shareholders or the third party commit to assuming liabilities at the company registration organ in the course of deregistration, if any creditors claim that the aforesaid shareholders and the third party shall assume corresponding civil liabilities for the debts of the company, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
二十一、有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司的董事和控股股东，以及公司的实际控制人为二人以上的，其中一人或者数人按照规定承担民事责任后，主张其他人员按照过错大小分担责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
Where the shareholders of a company with limited liabilities, the directors and controlling shareholders of a joint stock company, and the actual controllers of a company are two or more, and one or several of them claim that the others shall share the liabilities based on the degree of their faults after their have assumed civil liabilities, the people’s court shall support the claim.
二十二、公司解散时，股东尚未缴纳的出资均应作为清算财产。股东尚未缴纳的出资，包括到期应缴未缴的出资，以及依照公司法第二十六条和第八十一条的规定分期缴纳尚未届满缴纳期限的出资。
公司财产不足以清偿债务时，债权人主张未缴出资股东，以及公司设立时的其他股东或者发起人在未缴出资范围内对公司债务承担连带清偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
At the time of company dissolution, the unpaid capital contributions of shareholders shall be deemed as liquidation properties. The unpaid capital contributions of shareholders include the payable capital that has not been paid yet and the capital that shall be contributed by stages and has not expired according to Article 26 and 81 of the Company Law.
Where the company’s properties are insufficient to pay off debts, and any creditors claim that the shareholders having not paid their capital contributions and other shareholders or initiators for the establishment of the company shall, jointly and severely, assume the liabilities for the debts of the company within the scope of unpaid capital contributions, the people’s court shall support the claim.
二十三、清算组成员从事清算事务时，违反法律、行政法规或者公司章程给公司或者债权人造成损失，公司或者债权人主张其承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应依法予以支持。
有限责任公司的股东、股份有限公司连续一百八十日以上单独或者合计持有公司百分之一以上股份的股东，依据公司法第一百五十二条第三款的规定，以清算组成员有前款所述行为为由向人民法院提起诉讼的，人民法院应予受理。
公司已经清算完毕注销，上述股东参照公司法第一百五十二条第三款的规定，直接以清算组成员为被告、其他股东为第三人向人民法院提起诉讼的，人民法院应予受理。
Where any members of the liquidation group violate any laws, administrative regulations or articles of associations of a company during liquidation, hence causing losses to the company or any creditors, if the company or the creditors claim the said members shall assume the liability of compensation, the people’s court shall support the claim according to law.
Where any shareholders of a company with limited liabilities or of a joint stock company who, separately or jointly, hold 1% or more of the company’s shares for consecutive 180 days or more, file a lawsuit with the people’s court according to Item 3 of Article 152 of the Company Law on the ground that any members of the liquidation group have the aforesaid act, the people’s court shall accept the lawsuit.
Where the company has its registration cancelled after liquidation, and aforesaid shareholders file a lawsuit with the people’s court directly against the members of the liquidation group by taking other shareholders as the third party according to Item 3 of Article 152 of the Company Law, the people’s court shall accept the lawsuit.
二十四、解散公司诉讼案件和公司清算案件由公司住所地人民法院管辖。公司住所地是指公司主要办事机构所在地。公司办事机构所在地不明确的，由其注册地人民法院管辖。
基层人民法院管辖县、县级市或者区的公司登记机关核准登记公司的解散诉讼案件和公司清算案件；中级人民法院管辖地区、地级市以上的公司登记机关核准登记公司的解散诉讼案件和公司清算案件。
A company dissolution lawsuit and a company liquidation case shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the people’s court at the place where the company is domiciled. The domicile of a company refers to the place where the principal office of a company is located. Where the principal office of a company is unclear, aforesaid cases shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the people’s court at the place where the company is registered.
A base people’s courts shall have the jurisdiction over the cases for dissolution and liquidation of the companies registered upon approval of the company registration organs at the level of county, city or district. An intermediate people’s court shall have the jurisdiction over the cases for dissolution and liquidation of the companies registered upon approval of the company registration organs at or above the level of municipality.
异议股东回购请求权制度 The System on Requiring The Company to Purchase Stock Ownership by Shareholder(s)
Abstract: According to Company Law, any shareholder shall have the right to cast a negative vote against resolution of the shareholders meeting, for requiring the company to purchase his stock ownership at a reasonable price: But there are still lots of problems which have not been resolved by law or regulations.
(Note: If you are interested in this detail, please contact me or e-mail to sdhmyan@hotmail.com)
一、股权与股权转让
股权是一种典型的财产性权利，是因为股东出资而取得的，依法律或公司章程规定的规则和程序，参与公司事务并在公司中享有财产利益的具有可转让性的权利。
股权转让，是指公司的股东根据法律规定的条件和程序将其持有的全部或部分股权转让给其他股东或股东以外第三人的法律行为。
《公司法》专门设立章节规定有限责任公司和股权有限公司的股权转让问题，因为无论何种形式的公司在其存续的过程中都有可能发生股权转让。引起原有股东股权结构变化的原因很多，包括因资产重组、并购、合并、分立、股份制改造等等。异议股东回购请求权是股权转让的一种形式，
二、异议股东回购请求权
《公司法》规定有限责任公司和股份有限公司的异议股东均享有请求公司回购其股份的权利。
《公司法》第七十五条规定，“有下列情形之一的，对股东会该项决议反对票的股东可以请求公司按合理的价格收购其股权：
（一）公司连续五年不向股东分配利润，而公司该五年连续盈利，并且符合本法规定的分配利润条件的；
（二）公司合并、分立、转让主要财产的；
（三）公司章程规定的营业期限届满或者章程规定的其他解散事由出现，股东会会议通过决议修改章程使公司存续的。“
《公司法》第一百四十三条规定，“公司不得收购本公司股份。但是，有下列情形之一的除外：
（四）股东因对股东大会作出的公司合并、分立决议持异议，要求公司收购其股份的。“
从上述法律条文可以看出，异议股东股份回购请求权，指的是在特定的情形下，对公司股东会或股东大会决议持反对意见的股东所享有的一种要求公司以合理公平的价格收购自己股份的权利。
三、异议股东回购请求权制度的缺陷
《公司法》虽然专门设立章节确认异议股东回购请求权制度，但实践上仍存在很多问题需要法律再探讨。
（一）《公司法》第三十八条规定有限责任公司 “股东会行使下列职权：
1、决定公司的经营方针和投资计划；
2、选举和更换非由职工代表担任的董事、监事，决定有关董事、监事的报酬事项；
3、审议批准董事会的报告；
4、审议批准监事会或者监事的报告；
5、审议批准公司的年度财务预算方案、决算方案；
6、审议批准公司的利润分配方案和弥补亏损方案；
7、对公司增加或者减少注册资本作出决议；
8、对发行公司债券作出决议；
9、对公司合并、分立、解散、清算或者变更公司形式作出决议；
10、修改公司章程；
11、公司章程规定的其他职权。“
从法律条文来看，第七十五条所列“公司连续五年不向股东分配利润”和“转让主要财产”这两种情况并在不在股东会决议事项之中，因此异议股东的股权回购请求权在实际操作上是行不通的。
（二）《公司法》第七十五条规定异议股东的股权回购价格是“合理的价格”，而在第一百四十三条则完全没有提及股权转让价格，而因为股权转让价格是股权转让的核心条件，因此异议股东的股权回购请求权在定价上也是难于操作的。
（三）《公司法》第七十二条规定，“股东向股东以外的人转让股权，应当经其他股东过半数同意”。但是《公司法》没有明确规定作为股权回购中的回购方——公司是否属于“股东以外的人”。
（四）《公司法》没有明确规定股东会是否需要对异议股东与公司之间的股权回购行为作出决议，因为这种行为将导致公司注册资本的减少。
（五）《公司法》没有规定回购的资金来源，实践中多用公司盈余解决资金问题。但如果没有盈余或盈余不足的话，应该如何解决成为实操中不可回避的问题。
（六）股权回购直接导致公司资本减少，影响公司信用，此时的公司债权人合法权益未能得到《公司法》或其他法律的立法保障。
四、小结
异议股东股份回购请求权导致公司股份的回购，必须从立法上规范其行为，因为该行为实际上是违反资本维持原则、股东平等原则，导致股份不公平交易等弊端。
(Note: If you are interested in this detail, please contact me or e-mail to sdhmyan@hotmail.com)
一、股权与股权转让
股权是一种典型的财产性权利，是因为股东出资而取得的，依法律或公司章程规定的规则和程序，参与公司事务并在公司中享有财产利益的具有可转让性的权利。
股权转让，是指公司的股东根据法律规定的条件和程序将其持有的全部或部分股权转让给其他股东或股东以外第三人的法律行为。
《公司法》专门设立章节规定有限责任公司和股权有限公司的股权转让问题，因为无论何种形式的公司在其存续的过程中都有可能发生股权转让。引起原有股东股权结构变化的原因很多，包括因资产重组、并购、合并、分立、股份制改造等等。异议股东回购请求权是股权转让的一种形式，
二、异议股东回购请求权
《公司法》规定有限责任公司和股份有限公司的异议股东均享有请求公司回购其股份的权利。
《公司法》第七十五条规定，“有下列情形之一的，对股东会该项决议反对票的股东可以请求公司按合理的价格收购其股权：
（一）公司连续五年不向股东分配利润，而公司该五年连续盈利，并且符合本法规定的分配利润条件的；
（二）公司合并、分立、转让主要财产的；
（三）公司章程规定的营业期限届满或者章程规定的其他解散事由出现，股东会会议通过决议修改章程使公司存续的。“
《公司法》第一百四十三条规定，“公司不得收购本公司股份。但是，有下列情形之一的除外：
（四）股东因对股东大会作出的公司合并、分立决议持异议，要求公司收购其股份的。“
从上述法律条文可以看出，异议股东股份回购请求权，指的是在特定的情形下，对公司股东会或股东大会决议持反对意见的股东所享有的一种要求公司以合理公平的价格收购自己股份的权利。
三、异议股东回购请求权制度的缺陷
《公司法》虽然专门设立章节确认异议股东回购请求权制度，但实践上仍存在很多问题需要法律再探讨。
（一）《公司法》第三十八条规定有限责任公司 “股东会行使下列职权：
1、决定公司的经营方针和投资计划；
2、选举和更换非由职工代表担任的董事、监事，决定有关董事、监事的报酬事项；
3、审议批准董事会的报告；
4、审议批准监事会或者监事的报告；
5、审议批准公司的年度财务预算方案、决算方案；
6、审议批准公司的利润分配方案和弥补亏损方案；
7、对公司增加或者减少注册资本作出决议；
8、对发行公司债券作出决议；
9、对公司合并、分立、解散、清算或者变更公司形式作出决议；
10、修改公司章程；
11、公司章程规定的其他职权。“
从法律条文来看，第七十五条所列“公司连续五年不向股东分配利润”和“转让主要财产”这两种情况并在不在股东会决议事项之中，因此异议股东的股权回购请求权在实际操作上是行不通的。
（二）《公司法》第七十五条规定异议股东的股权回购价格是“合理的价格”，而在第一百四十三条则完全没有提及股权转让价格，而因为股权转让价格是股权转让的核心条件，因此异议股东的股权回购请求权在定价上也是难于操作的。
（三）《公司法》第七十二条规定，“股东向股东以外的人转让股权，应当经其他股东过半数同意”。但是《公司法》没有明确规定作为股权回购中的回购方——公司是否属于“股东以外的人”。
（四）《公司法》没有明确规定股东会是否需要对异议股东与公司之间的股权回购行为作出决议，因为这种行为将导致公司注册资本的减少。
（五）《公司法》没有规定回购的资金来源，实践中多用公司盈余解决资金问题。但如果没有盈余或盈余不足的话，应该如何解决成为实操中不可回避的问题。
（六）股权回购直接导致公司资本减少，影响公司信用，此时的公司债权人合法权益未能得到《公司法》或其他法律的立法保障。
四、小结
异议股东股份回购请求权导致公司股份的回购，必须从立法上规范其行为，因为该行为实际上是违反资本维持原则、股东平等原则，导致股份不公平交易等弊端。
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